The Meninges of the Brain and Spinal cord External Feature of the Brain A. The S-c-a-l-p: Structure：Skin、Hypodermis、Aponeurosis、Loose areolar tissue、Pericranium。 B. Bony structure: Form the cranial cavity, Contains brain and its surrounding meninges, portions of cranial nerve, arteries, veins and venous sinus. C. The meninges: i. Dura mater Falx cerebrum、Tentorium cerebellum、Falx cerebellum、Diaphragm sella. *Nerve innervate: *Blood supply: ii. Arachnoid mater：Subdura space Cisternae. iii. Pia mater D. The venous sinuses: Sup. sagittal sinus、Inf. sagittal sinus、Transverse sinus 、Cavernous sinus 、Sup. and Inf. petrosal sinus Spinal Cord Ascending and Descending Tracts 1. Overview of the spinal cord 2. Describe internal structure of the spinal cord 3. Describe cells and nucleus of the spinal cord 4. Describe the ascending and descending tract of the spinal cord Brain Stem 1. Medulla: pyramid, olive, inferior cerebellar peduncle, cuneate and gracile tubercles, floor of fourth ventricle. 2. Pons: basal part of pons, middle cerebellar peduncle, superior cerebellar peduncle, floor of fourth ventricle. 3. Midbrain: Interpeduncular fossa, basis pedunculi, inferior or superior colliculus. 4. Functionally important uncleus or tract within the brainstem. 5. The sites of cranial nerves III to VII in relation to the anatomical landmarks at different levels on the brain stem. 6.The fourth ventricle. Cerebrum 1. 大腦的分區。 2. 間腦的分區。 3. 大腦半球的結構。 4. 腦溝的結構。 5. 大腦的分葉。 6. 大腦半球的內部結構。 The Cranial Nerve Nuclei & Their Central Connection & Distribution 1. Organization of the cranial nerves. 2. Describe each cranial nerve, include their peripheral and central pathways, location of the nuclei. The Cerebellum and Its Connections 1. General appearances of the Cerebellum 2. Subdivisions of the Cerebellum 3. Connection of the Cerebellum Reticular Formation and Limbic System 1. Reticular Formation (RF) Medial, Lateral & Midline column (Raphe nuclei, Serotonergic neurons – Serotonin, Sleep – wake mechanism) 2. Serotonergic neurons – Serotonin, Cholinergic neurons – Acetylcholine “Catecholamine” neurons – Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine), Adrenaline (Epinephrine), Dopamine 3. Medullary / Pontine reticulo - spinal tract & Raphe - spinal tract 4. Limbic system: 1.Hippocampal formation (Hippocampus, Dentate gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus (Subiculum)), 2.Amygdaloid body (Amygdala), 3.Cingulate gyrus, 4.Septal area (Paraolfactory area), 5.Hypothalamus (Mammillary body), 6.Anterior thalamus. Functions: Memory: Hippocampus, Emotion: Defense / reproduction (Amygdala). Ventricular System 1. General description of the ventricular system。 2. Cerebrospinal fluid: functions, formation, circulation and absorption。 3. Blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: structure and functions。 4. Relationship to other region：cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus。 5. Clinical correlation: hydrocephalus, cerebral trauma and inflammation。 Clinical of the Neuroanatomy 1. Neuroradiology診斷工具：X-ray、CT、MRI、DSA簡介。 2. Anatomy複習：認識basal ganglion、brain stem、腦葉之CT、MRI影像。 認識subarachnoid spaces之CT、MRI影像。 Several important subarachnoid spaces: Ventricles: lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle Cisterns: suprasellar cistern, quadrigeminal cistern Fissures: Sylvian fissure, interhemispheric fissure 3. Gray scale：CT density、MRI signal intensity。 4. Mass effect 5. Brain edema (cytotoxic edema、white matter edema)。